Endnotes:

1. See Zubulake v. UBS Warburg, 220 F.R.D. 212, 220 (S.D.N.Y. 2003), and the three following opinions generally referred to as Zubulake III, 216 F.R.D. 280 (S.D.N.Y. 2003), Zubulake IV, 220 F.R.D. 212 (S.D.N.Y. 2003), and Zubulake V, 229 F.R.D. 422 (S.D.N.Y. 2004).

2. Dorchester Fin. Holdings v. Banco BRJ S.A., No. 11-CV-1529, 2014 WL 7051380 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 15, 2014).

3. Id. at *2-3.

4. Dorchester, No. 11-CV-1529, ECF 81-8 (“There are no internal communications, drafts, memoranda, notes etc., in Dorchester’s possession in electronic or hard copy form. Any such data was destroyed by computer failure between 2001 and 2013. There is no available meta-data. Dorchester has provided all available documents in its possession.”).

5. Dorchester, 2014 WL 7051380, at *3.

6. Judge Kimba M. Wood’s decision on the spoliation motion is actually a review of the Memorandum and Order of Magistrate Judge Kevin N. Fox. On the spoliation issue, Wood reviewed the Memorandum and Order de novo. Id. at *1-2.

7. Dorchester, 2014 WL 7051380, at *3.

8. Moore v. Publicis Groupe, 287 F.R.D. 182, 190 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) (“Linear manual review is simply too expensive where, as here, there are over three million emails to review.”).

9. Chin v. Port Auth. of N.Y. & N.J., 685 F.3d 135, 162 (2d Cir. 2012).

10. Id. The standards governing a litigant’s duty to preserve ESI and the sanctions for breaching that duty vary amongst the federal circuits. See generally Ahunanya Anga, “Electronic Data Discovery Sanctions: The Unmapped, Unwinding, Meandering Road, and the Courts’ Role in Steadying the Playing Field,” 50 San Diego L. Rev. 621, 626 (2013) (“Various circuits employ different standards or approaches to determine whether sanctionable conduct exists.”).

11. See VOOM HD Holdings v. EchoStar Satellite, 93 A.D.3d 33 (2012) (upholding lower court’s explicit adoption of Zubulake standards for ESI preservation and spoliation). But see Strong v. City of New York, 112 A.D.3d 15, 23 (1st Dep’t 2013) (holding that New York’s adoption of the federal law of spoliation is limited to ESI context).

12. Dorchester, 2014 WL 7051380, at *4 (emphasis added) (quoting Zubulake v. UBS Warburg, 220 F.R.D. 212, 220 (S.D.N.Y. 2003)).

13. Dorchester, 2014 WL 7051380, at *5.

14. Id.

15. Id. at *6.

16. Id. at *7.

17. Harry Weiss v. Moskowitz, 106 A.D.3d 668 (1st Dep’t 2013).